Top Country Artists Male 2009

Top Country Artists Male 2009

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Egyptians used papyrus to make sales messages and posters on the wall. Commercial messages and shows the political campaigns have found in the ruins of Pompeii and ancient Arabia. Lost and found advertising on papyrus was common in ancient Greece and ancient Rome. Wall or rock painting of the commercial advertising is another manifestation of a form of advertising of old, who is present today in many parts of Asia, Africa and South America. Tradition of mural painting dates back to the paintings of indigenous art from rock which date back to 4000 BC. [4] History tells us that advertising at home and billboards are the oldest forms of advertising.

As towns and cities of the Middle Ages began to grow, and the general public was unable to read the signs now say shoemaker miller, tailor or blacksmith using an image associated with your trade as a beginning, a suit, a hat, a watch, a diamond, a horse shoe, a candle or even a bag of flour. Fruits and vegetables were sold in the city square on the back of cars and wagons and their owners call street used (criers) to announce their whereabouts the convenience of customers.

As education became an obvious necessity and reading, as well as printing, advertising developed is expanded to include handbills. In advertising the 17th century began to appear in weekly newspapers in England. These print ads first were mainly used to promote books and newspapers, which became increasingly affordable with advances in printing and medicines, which were increasingly sought after as disease ravaged Europe. However, false advertising and so-called "healers" advertisements became a problem, which ushered in the regulation of content of advertising.

As the economy expanded during the 19th century, advertising grew alongside. In the U.S., the success of this advertising format eventually led to the growth of mail advertising order.

In June 1836, the French daily La Presse, was the first to include advertising payment on its pages, allowing it to lower its price, extend its readership and increase its profitability and the formula was soon copied by all titles. Around 1840, Volney Palmer established a predecessor to advertising agencies in Boston. [5] For the same time, in France, Charles-Louis Havas expanded the services of your agency news, Havas to include brokerage advertising, which is the French group first organized. At first, agencies are agents of advertising space in newspapers. NW Ayer & Son was the first service agency to assume responsibility for advertising content. NW Ayer opened in 1869, and was in Philadelphia. [5]

A 1895 advertisement for a weight gain.

At the turn of the century, there are career options few for women in business, however, advertising was one of the few. Since women were responsible for most of the purchase made at home, advertisers and agencies recognized the value in the intuition of women during the process creative. In fact, American advertising first to use a sale sex was created by a woman - for a soap product. Although tame by today's standards, the announcement is a partner with the message "The skin you love to touch" [6].

In the 1920s, it established the first radio stations by manufacturers of radio equipment and retailers that offer programs in order to sell more radios to consumers. Over time, many non-profit continued the example in creating their own radio stations, and included: schools, clubs and civic groups. [7] When the practice of sponsoring programs was popularized, every radio guy was usually sponsored by one company in exchange for a brief mention of the business' name at the beginning and end of the show sponsored. However, the owners of the radio station soon realized they could make more money by selling sponsorship rights in the allocation of time of small businesses multiple through issuance of its radio station, rather than selling the sponsorship rights to individual companies to show.

A Print advertisement for the edition of 1913 of the Encyclopedia Britannica

This practice was brought to television in the late 1940s and early 1950. A fierce battle was fought between those seeking to market the radio and people who argued that spectrum should be considered as part of the commons - To be used only for noncommercial purposes and for the public good. The United Kingdom is a model of public funding of the BBC, originally a private company, British Broadcasting Company, but incorporated as a public body by Royal Charter in 1927. In Canada, advocates like Graham Spry also were able to convince the federal government to adopt a model of public funding, the creation of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. However, in the United States, the capitalist model prevailed with the passage of the Communications Act of 1934 which created the Federal Communications Commission. [7] To placate the socialists, the U.S. The Congress made that commercial broadcasters to operate in the "public interest, convenience and necessity." [8] Public broadcasting now exists in the United States due to broadcasting 1967 Public Events leading to the Public Broadcasting Service and National Public Radio.

In the 1950s, television DuMont began the trend Modern selling advertising time to multiple sponsors. Previously, DuMont had trouble finding sponsors for many of their programs and compensated by the sale small blocks of advertising time for several companies. This eventually became the industry standard for commercial television in the United States. Without But it was still common practice to sample single sponsor, like the United States Steel Hour. In some instances the sponsors exercised great control over the content sample - to which the advertising agency of one of actually writing the show. The model only sponsor is much less common now, a notable exception is Hallmark Hall of Fame.

The 1960s saw advertising becomes a modern approach in which creativity was allowed to shine, producing unexpected Messages that the advertising makes it more tempting to the eyes of consumers. The advertising campaign for Volkswagen with headlines such as "Think Small" and "Lemon" (used to describe the appearance of the car)-ushered in the era of modern advertising by promoting a "position" or "proposal USP, designed for the brand associated each with a specific idea in the reader or viewer's mind. This period of American advertising is called creative revolution and its archetype was William Bernbach who helped create the ads for Volkswagen revolutionary, among others. Some of the most creative and long-standing dates American advertising during this period.

Late 1980s and early 1990s saw the introduction of cable television and particularly MTV. A pioneer in the concept of the music video, MTV ushered in a new type of advertising: the songs of consumers in the advertisement, rather than a product or the last minute. In cable television and satellite became increasingly frequent, channels specialty emerged, including channels entirely devoted to advertising, such as QVC, Home Shopping Network, and ShopTV Canada.

Marketing via the Internet opens new frontiers for advertisers and contributed the "dot-com boom of the 1990s. Corporations All operated solely on advertising revenue, offering everything from coupons to free Internet access. At the turn of the 21st century, a number of websites including search engine Google, started a change in online advertising, with emphasis on contextually relevant, unobtrusive ads intended to help rather than inundate, users. This has led to a plethora of similar efforts and an increasing trend of interactive the advertising.

The percentage of advertising spending relative to GDP has changed little across large changes in the media. For example, in the U.S. in 1925, advertising in the mainstream media were newspapers, magazines, signs on streetcars, and outdoor signage. Advertising spending as a percentage of GDP was about 2.9 percent. In 1998, television and radio had become the means of advertising. However, advertising spending as a percentage of GDP was slightly lower-about 2.4 percent. [9]

An innovation of publicity recently is the "guerrilla marketing," involving approaches unusual, such as staging events in public places, giveaways of products such as cars that are covered with brand messages and interactive advertising, where the viewer can respond to become part of the advertising message.Guerrilla advertising is becoming increasingly popular with a lot of companies. Such advertisements is unpredictable and innovative, which makes consumers buy the product or idea. This reflects an increasing trend of interactive and "embedded" ads, as through product placement, with consumers vote through text messages, and a number of innovations using social networking services like MySpace.

[edit] Public Service Announcements

The advertising techniques to that used to promote commercial products and services can be used to inform, educate and motivate the public about non-trade issues such as HIV / AIDS, political ideology, energy conservation and deforestation.

Advertising, in its lack of trade dress, is an educational tool powerful capable of reaching and motivating large audiences. "Advertising justifies its existence when used in the public interest - is too powerful tool to use solely for commercial purposes. "- Attributed to Howard Gossage David Ogilvy.

Public service announcements, no commercial advertising, public interest, marketing, advertising cause and social marketing are terms different aspects (or) the use of advertising sophisticated marketing techniques and communication (usually associated with commercial enterprise) on behalf of non-commercial, the public interest issues and initiatives.

In the United States, the granting of television and radio licenses by the FCC depends on the broadcasting station of a certain amount of public service announcements. To meet these requirements, radio stations, many in the air of America most of his public service that requires ads at night or early morning when the smallest percentage of viewers are watching, leaving more days and business hours prime available for senior advertisers pay.

Public service advertising reached its height during World Wars I and II under the direction of several governments.

[edit] Types of advertising

Paying people to hold signs is one of the oldest forms of advertising, as with this Human directional pictured above a bus with an advertisement for GAP in Singapore. Buses and other vehicles are popular media for advertisers. Class DBAG 101 with ads UNICEF at Ingolstadt main railway station

Virtually any medium can be used for advertising. Advertising in the commercial media can include paintings on the walls, fences, parts of furniture, print flyers and information cards, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, screens mobile phones, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, banks, bus stop, human fences, magazines, newspapers, town criers, the sides of buses, banners attached or aircraft parts ( "logojets"), in advertisements flight support trays or storage bins above the doors cab, roof mounts and screens passengers, musicals, platforms and metro trains, elastic bands on disposable diapers, the doors of the positions bathroom, stickers on apples in supermarkets, shopping cart handles (grabertising), the first section of audio and video, posters, and the back of event tickets and receipts from supermarkets. Any place an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is the advertising.

[edit] Television

Main Products: TV commercial and music in advertising

The TV commercial which is generally considered the body more effective form of advertising available, as reflected on the networks of the high cost of TV airtime charges commercial use during events popular television. The annual game of the Super Bowl of soccer in America is called if the most prominent advertising on television. The average cost for a thirty one second television commercial during this game has come to the U.S. $ 3 million (from 2009).

Most of television commercials feature a song or melody before listeners refer to the product.

Virtual advertising can be inserted into the programming regular television via computer graphics. Usually inserted into otherwise backdrops white [10] or used to replace the billboards local are not relevant to the audience for remote transmission. [11] More controversial, posters virtual can be inserted at the bottom [12] where none exist in real life. The placement of virtual products is also possible. [13] [14]

[edit] Infomercials

Main article: Infomercial

An infomercial is long-form television commercial, usually five minutes or more. The word "infomercial" is an acronym for the words "information" and "commercial". The main goal in business is to create an impulse purchase, so that the consumer believes that the presentation and then immediately purchase the product through the figure announced free phone number or website. Infomercials describe, display and often demonstrate products and their characteristics, and usually have testimonials from consumers and industry professionals.

[edit] Radio advertising

Radio advertising is a form of advertising through the medium of radio.

Radio spots are broadcast as radio waves into the air from a transmitter to an antenna and a thus to a receiving device. Time in the air is purchased from a station or network in exchange for forward commercials. While radio has the obvious limitation of being restricted to the sounds, the defenders of radio advertising often cite this as an advantage.

[edit] Press advertising

Press advertising describes the printed media, as newspapers, magazines, or trade magazine. This covers everything from the media with a readership base very broad, as a national newspaper, or magazine, the media more specific as local newspapers and periodicals in very specialized topics. One form of advertising in the press has classified advertising, which allows individuals or companies to purchase an ad for narrowly targeted by a low advertising fee for a product or service.

[edit] Online advertising

Online advertising is a form of promotion that uses the Internet and World Wide Web for the express purpose of delivering marketing messages to attract customers. Examples of online advertising include contextual ads that appear in the results of the search pages engine, banner ads, the text of ads, rich media ads, advertising on social networks, online classified ads, advertising networks and mail marketing mail, including e-mail spam.

[edit] Billboard advertising

Billboards are large structures in public places to display ads to the approval of pedestrians and motorists. Very often, are located on the main road with lots of passing motorists and pedestrians, however, can be placed anywhere with lots of spectators, as in public transport vehicles and in stations, in shopping malls or office buildings, and in stadiums.

[edit] billboards mobile

The newspaper RedEye announced to their target market on the Avenue North Beach with a sign sailboat on Lake Michigan.

Mobile billboards are usually mounted on the vehicle posters and digital screens. These can be in vehicles dedicated built exclusively to make advertisements along the routes of pre-selected by customers, can also be specially equipped trucks or in some cases, large posters scattered from airplanes. The posters are bright, an enlightened being, and others who use light bulbs. Some displays cartel are static, while others change, for example, continuously or periodically rotating among a set of ads.

Mobile screens are used for different situations in areas metropolitan areas worldwide, including:

• Target advertising
• In one day, and long-term campaign
• Conventions
• Sporting Events
• The store openings and similar promotional events
• Big advertisements from smaller companies
• Other

[edit] In advertising the store

In-store advertising is an advertisement placed in a retail store. It includes placing a product in conspicuous places in a tent like to eye level, at the ends of aisles and boxes nearby, striking displays promoting a specific product, and ads in places such as shopping carts and on video screens in the store.

[edit] Surreptitious advertising

Main article: Product placement

Surreptitious advertising, also known as advertising guerrilla, is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an element or another of a particular brand, like in the movie Minority Report, where the character of Tom Cruise, John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the logo of Bulgaria. Another example of advertising in film is in I, Robot, where main character played by Will Smith mentions his shoes Converse several times, calling them "classics," because the film is set in the distant future. I, Robot and Spaceballs also cars showcase futuristic Audi and Mercedes-logos Benz clearly on the front of vehicles. Cadillac chose to advertise in the movie The Matrix Reloaded, which as a result contained many scenes that were used Cadillac. Similarly, product placement for Omega Watches, Ford, Vaio, BMW and Aston Martin cars are featured in recent James Bond films, especially the Casino Royale. In "Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer" the transport vehicle main page shows a logo of Dodge much of the. Front Blade Runner includes some product placement more evident; entire film pauses to show Coca-cartel Cola.

[edit] Celebrities

Main Articles: Celebrity brand

This type of advertising focuses on the use of celebrity, fame, money, popularity of obtaining recognition of their products and promote specific stores or products. The advertisers often advertise their products, for example, when celebrities share their favorite products, or wear clothing of specific brands or designers. Celebrities are often involved in advertising campaigns such as television or print advertisements for specific products or general.

The use of celebrities to support a brand can have disadvantages, however. An error of a celebrity can be bad for public relations of a mark. For example, after his performance of eight gold medals in the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China, the swimmer Contract Michael Phelps to Kellogg's has been canceled, as Kellogg's did not want to associate with him after that was photographed smoking marijuana.

[edit] Media and advertising approaches

Increasingly, other media are overtaking many of the "traditional" media such as television, radio and newspaper because of a shift towards the consumer, the use of the Internet for news and music as well as devices like digital video recorders (DVRs) like TiVo.

Advertising on the World Wide Web is a recent phenomenon. Prices based on Web advertising space are dependent on the "relevance" of web content in the vicinity and the traffic the site receives.

Digital communication is destined to become a mass medium importance due to their ability to reach a wider audience for less money. Signaling Digital also offers the unique ability to see the target audience in their achievement in the middle. Technology advances also made it possible to control the message signature digital, very precisely, allowing messages to be relevant to the target at any time and place to turn, get more response from advertising. Digital communications are being used successfully in supermarkets. [15] Another successful use of digital signage is in places of entertainment such as restaurants [16]. and shopping centers [17].

E-mail advertising is another recent phenomenon. Mass mailing unsolicited email advertising is known as "spam email mail. "Spam has been a problem for email users for many years.

Some companies have proposed to place messages or logos business on the side of the rocket booster and the International Space Station. There is controversy about the effectiveness of subliminal advertising (see mind control), and the pervasiveness of mass messages (see propaganda).

Advertising does not pay (also called "public advertising") can provide good exposure at minimal cost. Personal recommendations ( "bring a friend", "sell") hum of spreading or acquiring feat of equating a brand with a common name (in the United States, "Xerox" = "photocopier", "Kleenex" = tissue, "Vaseline" = Petroleum jelly, "Hoover" = vacuum cleaner, "Nintendo" (often used by people exposed to many video games) games = video, and Band-Aid = Adhesive bandage) - which can be seen as the culmination of any advertising campaign. However, some companies oppose the use of its brand name to label an object. Equating a brand with a common noun also risks turning that brand into a trademark genericized - making it a generic term which means that legal protection as you lose a registered trademark.

As the mobile phone became a new media in 1998 when the first download paid content appeared on mobile phones in Finland, which was only a matter of time until mobile advertising followed, also first time in Finland in 2000. In 2007 the value of mobile advertising had reached 2.2 billion U.S. dollars and providers such as AdMob delivered billions of mobile ads.

More ads advanced mobile include banner ads, coupons, Multimedia Messaging Services image and video messages, advergames, and campaigns different marketing commitment. A particular feature driving mobile ads is the 2D bar code, which replaces the need for any offense Internet addresses, and uses the camera feature of modern phones for immediate access to web content. The 83 percent of Japanese users of phones phones already are active users of 2D barcodes.

A new form of advertising that is growing rapidly is social network advertising. That is online advertising with a focus on social networking sites. This market is relatively immature, but has shown great promise as advertisers are able to take advantage demographic information the user has provided the social networking site. Friendertising is a term more accurate public that people are capable of campaigns direct mail to others, directly through social networking service.

From time to time, The CW Television Network airs short programming breaks called "Content Wraps," to advertise products of a company during a commercial break over. The CW pioneered "content wraps" and some featured products were Herbal Essences, Crest, Guitar Hero II, CoverGirl, and recently Toyota.

Recently, there appeared a concept of new development, "ARvertising" Advertising in the technology of Augmented Reality.

[edit] Criticism of advertising

While advertising can be seen as necessary for economic growth is not without social costs. Unsolicited commercial e-mail and other forms of spam have become so common as to have become a major nuisance to users of these services and a financial burden for providers of Internet services. [18] Advertising is increasingly invading public spaces such as schools, which some critics argue is a form of child exploitation. [19] Moreover, advertising frequently used psychological pressure (eg, appealing to feelings of inadequacy) in consumption that have, which may be detrimental.

[edit] Hyper-commercialism and the wave commercial

The criticism of advertising is closely related to the criticism of the media and often interchangeable. They may refer to its audio-visual aspects (eg, crowding public spaces and radio waves), environmental (eg pollution, packaging large, the increase in consumption), political aspects (eg, dependence on the media, freedom of expression, censorship), aspects financial (expense), ethics / moral / social issues (for example, sub-invasion aware that influence privacy, the increased consumption and waste, target groups, some products, honesty) and, of course, a mixture thereof. Some aspects can be further subdivided and some may cover more than a category.

As advertising has become increasingly prevalent in modern Western societies, it is also increasingly criticized. A person does not can move in the public or the use of a medium without being subject to advertising. Advertising occupies public space increasingly invading the privacy of individuals, many which they consider a nuisance. "It is increasingly difficult to escape the publicity and the media. ... The public space is increasingly a billboards for products of all kinds. The aesthetic consequences and policies can not yet foresee. "[20] Hanno Rauterberg in the German newspaper" Die Zeit 'calls for the publicity of a new kind of dictatorship can not escape. [21]

Creep announced: "There are ads in schools, airport lounges, doctors' offices, cinemas, hospitals, gas stations, elevators, convenience stores, the Internet, on fruit, at ATMs, on cans of garbage and countless other places. There are ads on the sandy beach and bathroom walls. "[22]" One of the ironies of advertising in our times is that with increasing commercialization, makes it much harder for any individual advertiser to succeed, therefore pushing the poster even more effort. "[23] Within the advertising decade on radio rose to almost 18 or 19 minutes per hour in programming primetime rule until 1982 was over 9.5 minutes of advertising per hour, today is between 14 and 17 minutes. With the introduction of smaller 15-second, the total number of ads increased even more dramatically. The ads not only put in pauses, but eg also in broadcasting baseball for the game itself. They flood the Internet, a market growing by leaps and bounds.

Other growth markets son''la product placement''in entertainment programming and films where the practice has become standard y''la virtual advertising,''where products get placed retroactively on sample rerun. Billboards products are virtually embedded in the Great emissions League Baseball and in the same way, the flags of the virtual street or logos projected on a vault entry or sidewalk, for example, during the arrival of celebrities at the Grammy Awards in 2001. Advertising precedes the showing of films in cinemas including luxury 'Shorts' produced by companies like Microsoft and DaimlerChrysler. "The largest advertising agencies have begun to work vigorously to co-produce programming in relation to larger firms media "[24] the creation of infomercials like entertainment programs.

Opponents equate the growing amount of publicity with a "tidal wave" and restrictions "prey" of the flood. Kalle Lasn, one of the harshest critics of advertising on the international scene, believes that advertising, the most common and toxic pollutant mind. From the time your radio alarm clock rings in the morning late afternoon microjolts TV night of the commercial pollution of flooding in his brain at a rate of about 3,000 marketing messages per day. Every day, ad estimated twelve billion display, 3 million radio commercials and more than 200,000 TV commercials are dumped into the collective unconscious ". [25 North] In the course of her life watches U.S. average of three years of advertising on television [26].

More Los Recent developments are the games that incorporate the product in its content, special channels patient malls in hospitals and public figures sporting temporary tattoos. A method unrecognizable as advertising is called guerrilla marketing'','', is spreading "buzz" on a new product in the target. Cash-strapped U.S. cities not backward to provide police cars for advertising. [27] A trend, especially in Germany, are companies buying the names of sports stadiums. Football in Hamburg Volkspark first stage became the AOL Arena and then the HSH Nordbank Arena. The Neckarstadion Stuttgart became the Mercedes-Benz Arena, Dortmund's Westfalenstadion, now is the Park Signal Iduna. Former Skydome in Toronto was renamed the Rogers Center. Other Recent developments are, for example, subway stations especially in Berlin, have been redesigned theatrical product and exclusively leased to a company. Düsseldorf even has "multisensory" transit of adventure leaves equipped with loudspeakers and systems that spread the smell of detergent. Swatch used projectors to project messages on television in Berlin-tower and the Victory Column that was fined because it was done without a permit. The illegality was part of the plan and added promotion [21].

It is standard knowledge of business management that advertising is a mainstay, if not "the" mainstay of growth-oriented capitalist economy Free. "Advertising is part of the bone marrow of corporate capitalism." [28] "Contemporary capitalism can not function and global networks production could not exist as they do without advertising. "[1]

For the scientific communication and media economist Manfred Knoche at the University of Salzburg, Austria, advertising is not simply a "necessary evil" but an "elixir needed for life 'for business media, economy and capitalism as a whole. Advertising and mass media economic interests create ideology. Knoche describes the advertising of products and brands as "weapons of producers in the competition for customers and commercial advertising, for example, the automotive industry, as a means to collectively represent their interests against other groups, such as train companies. In their editorial views and media programs communication, promotion of consumption in general, offer a "free" service to producers and sponsors of a "media widely used for payment ' in advertising. [29] Christopher Lasch argues that advertising leads to an overall increase of consumption in society, "Advertising is not much to advertise products as to promote consumption as a way of life. "[30]

[edit] Publicity and constitutional rights

Advertising is equated with freedom guaranteed by the Constitution of opinion and expression. [31] Therefore to criticize an advertisement or any attempt to restrict or prohibit advertising is almost always considered as an attack on fundamental rights [citation needed] (the First Amendment in the U.S.) and meets the combined and concentrated the strength of the business and especially the advertising community. "At present or in the near future, any number of cases and will work its way through the judicial system seeking to prohibit any governmental regulation of ... commercial speech (eg advertising or labeling of food) on the basis that such regulation violate citizens and businesses' First Amendment rights to freedom of expression or press freedom. "[32] An example of this debate is the advertising of snuff and alcohol, but also direct mail or flyers (blocked mailboxes), advertising on the phone, Internet and advertising to children. Various legal restrictions on spam, advertising on mobile phones, compared with children, snuff, alcohol has been introduced by the U.S., EU and other countries. Not only the business community resists the advertising restrictions. Advertising as a medium of free expression is firmly established in society Western [citation needed]. McChesney said that the government deserves constant vigilance when it comes to such regulations, but certainly not "the only anti-democratic force in our society. ... corporations and the wealthy enjoy a power as great as that offered by the lords and royalty of feudal times "and" the markets are not value free or neutral, but not only tend to work on behalf of those who have more money, but also by its very nature emphasis on profits above all else .... Therefore, the debate today is whether advertising or labeling of food, or contributions to the campaign speech ... if the right to be protected by the First Amendment can only be effectively used for a fraction of the citizenry, and the exercise of these rights gives political power misuse and undermines the ability of the balance of the citizenry to exercise the same rights and / or constitutional rights, it is not necessarily legitimate protected by the First Amendment ". Moreover," those who have the ability to participate in the freedom of the press are able to determine who speaks to the great mass of citizens and can not. "[33] Critics argue in turn that the publicity from privacy, which is a constitutional right. Because on the one hand, advertising physically invasive of privacy, on the other, is used increasingly relevant, information-based communication with the private data collected without the knowledge or consent of consumers or targeted groups.

For Georg Franck at Vienna University of Technology, advertising is part of what he calls "mental capital" [34] [35], having a term (mental), which has been used by stakeholders in the environment of mind, such as Adbusters. Mixtures of Franck's Economy " of attention "to the culture of Christopher Lasch of narcissm in capitalism mental [36] In his essay" Advertising at the edge of the Apocalypse ", Sut Jhally writes: "20. the publicity of the century is the most powerful and sustained system of propaganda in human history and their cumulative cultural, unless quickly checked, will destroy the world as we know [37].

[edit] The cost of care and the hidden costs

Advertising has become in a multimillion dollar business in which many depend. In 2006 391 billion U.S. dollars was spent worldwide on advertising. In Germany, for example, industry advertising accounts for 1.5% of gross national income, figures for other developed countries are similar. [citation needed] Therefore, advertising and growth are direct and causal link. As a growth-based economy can be blamed for the lifestyle damaging human (society abundance) The advertising has to be considered in this aspect in connection with its negative impact, as its main objective is to increase consumption. "The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic system of mass production, which promotes consumption. "[38]

The care and attention have become a new product for which a market developed. "The amount of attention that is absorbed by the media and redistributed in competition by quotas and scope is not identical to the amount of attention, which is available in society. The total amount circulating in the society is composed of care exchanges between the people and the attention given to the media. Only the latter is homogenized by the quantitative measurement and only the latter acquires the character of a coin in anonymity. "[34] [35] According to Franck, any presentation surface that can guarantee a certain amount of work of care as a magnet for attention, for example, the media are actually intended for information and entertainment, culture and the arts, etc. Public space is the attraction that is sold to the advertising company. The German Association of Advertising said that in 2007 30.78 million was spent advertising in Germany, [39], 26% in newspapers, 21% television, 15% by mail and 15% in magazines. In 2002 there were 360,000 people employed in the advertising business. Revenues from Internet advertising doubled to almost 1 billion euros from 2006 to 2007, giving the highest growth rates.

Spiegel Online reported that in the U.S. in 2008 for the first time more money was spent on Internet advertising ($ 105.3 million U.S.) which on TV (98.5 million U.S. dollars). The largest amount in 2008 was still used in the print media (147 million U.S. dollars). [40] For that same year, Welt Online reported that the pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. spends almost double the amount on advertising (57.7 million) than it did in research ($ 31.5 million). But Marc-André Gagnon und Joel Lexchin of York University, Toronto, estimated that actual expenditures for advertising are greater Moreover, because not all posts are recorded by the research institutions. [41] Not including the campaigns of indirect advertising, such as sales, rebates and price reductions. Few consumers are aware of the fact that they are paying for every penny spent for public relations, advertising, sales, etc packaging since they are typically included in the calculation of prices.

[edit] Influence and packaging

The advertising of McDonald's Propaganda di Via Rome, Italy

The most important element of advertising is not information but the suggestion about making use of associations, emotions (appeal appeal to emotion) and inactive units in the sub-consciousness of people, such as sexual desire, herd instinct, desires, and as happiness, health, fitness, appearance, self esteem, reputation, membership, social status, identity, adventure, distraction, reward, fears (appeal appeal to fear), such as sickness, weakness, loneliness, need, uncertainty, security or prejudice, learned views and amenities. "All human needs, relationships, and fears - the depths of the human psyche - become mere means for the expansion of the universe of commodities in the force of modern marketing. With the rise to prominence of modern marketing, commercialism - the translation of human relations in business relations - While it is a phenomenon intrinsic to capitalism, has expanded exponentially. "[42] Because the related marketing" on the advertisers link their product to a social cause worthy has boomed over the last decade.

Advertising exploits the role model celebrities and popular figures and makes deliberate use of humor, and associations with the color, melodies, names of certain terms. Together, these are factors in how you perceive yourself and self-worth. In his description of "mental Franck capitalism," he says, "the promise of consumption to make someone irresistible is the ideal form of objects and symbols in subjective experience of a person. Obviously, in a society where the income of the attention moves to the foreground, smoking was extracted from the self-esteem. As a result, consumption becomes the "work" in the attraction of a person. From the subjective point of view, this "work" opens fields of unexpected dimensions to the advertising. Advertising takes the role of a councilor of life in attracting. (...) The cult around itself the attraction is what Christopher Lasch described as "culture of narcissism. "[35] [36]

To critics of advertising Another serious problem is that "the long notion of separation between advertising and editorial / creative aspects of the media is rapid collapse "and advertising is increasingly difficult to differentiate from news and information or entertainment. The boundaries between advertising and programming are becoming blurred. According to the companies of media of all this commercial involvement has no bearing on the actual content of the media, but as McChesney puts it, "this statement fails even proof of laughter most basic, it's so absurd. "[43]

The advertising is based "largely on the psychological theories about how to create issues, allowing advertising and marketing to make a dye "more clearly psychological" (Miller and Rose 1997, cited in Thrift, 1999, p. 67). Each time Moreover, the emphasis in advertising has grown from providing "objective information" to the symbolic connotations of commodities, since the premise cultural role of advertising is that the material object of the sale itself is never enough. Even commodities that anticipate the needs mundane of daily life must be imbued with symbolic qualities and culturally endowed meanings through the "magic system (Williams, 1980) of advertising. Of Thus, and by altering the context in which the advertisements appear, things "you can do in the sense of" anything "" (McFall, 2002, p. 162) and the "same" things can be endowed with different meanings for different individuals and groups of individuals, offering mass induced visions of individualism. "[1]

Before doing the advertising, research institutions, market participants have to understand and describe the target group exactly to plan and implement advertising campaign and to achieve the best possible results. A whole range of sciences directly related to advertising and marketing, or used to improve its effects. Focus groups, psychologists and cultural anthropologists are'' 'de rigueur''' in the investigation of markets "[44]. huge amounts of data about people and their buying habits are collected, accumulated, aggregated and analyzed with the help of credit cards, bonuses, raffles and monitoring the Internet. With increasing accuracy of this supply an image of behavior, desires and weaknesses in certain sectors of a population with that announcement may be used more selectively and effectively. The advertising effectiveness is improved through the investigation of advertising. Universities, of course with the support of companies and in cooperation with other disciplines (previous article), mainly psychiatry, anthropology, neurology and behavioral sciences, are constantly seeking ways of becoming more refined, sophisticated, subtle and cunning to make advertising more effective. "Neuromarketing is a new controversial area of marketing which uses medical technologies such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) - not to cure, but to sell products. Companies advertising and marketing have long used the ideas and research methods of psychology to sell products, of course. However, these practices today are reaching epidemic levels, and with the complicity of the psychological profession that exceeds that of the past. The result is an enormous publicity and offensive marketing program that includes undoubtedly the biggest project individual psychological ever made. However, this large enterprise is largely ignored by the American Psychological Association. "[45] Robert McChesney calls" the greatest concerted attempt at psychological manipulation in all of human history. "[46]

[edit] Dependence on media and corporate censorship

Almost all media are the media advertising and many are only advertising media and, with the exception of public service broadcasters are privately owned. Their revenues are predominantly generated through advertising, in the case of newspapers and magazines from 50 to 80%. The public service broadcasting in some countries also rely heavily on advertising as a source of income (up to 40%) [47]. According to critics of any media that spreads advertising can be independent and the greater the proportion of advertising, the greater the dependency. This dependence has "different implications for the nature of content means .... In the business press, the media often refer to how exactly they occur in moments of truth: as a branch of industry advertising. "[48]

In addition, private media are increasingly subject to mergers and concentration of the situations property often tangled and opaque. This development, Henry A. Giroux calls a "current threat to the democratic culture", [49] itself should be enough to sound all alarms in a democracy. five or six advertising agencies dominate the 400 billion U.S. $ worldwide industry.

"The Journalists have long faced pressure to shape stories to advertisers suit and owners .... the vast majority of executives in the television station found their news departments 'cooperative' in shaping the news to help "non-development of traditional income." [50] the reporting negative and unwanted can be prevented or influenced when advertisers threatened to cancel orders or simply when no danger of cancellation this type. The dependence of media and the threat becomes very real when there is one big advertisers dominant or very few. The influence of advertisers not only with respect to news or information about their products or services, but extends to articles or programs that are not directly linked to them. With the ensure advertising revenue in the media for creating the best possible 'advertising environment. " Another problem that considers the censorship of critics is the refusal of the media to accept ads that are not of interest. A notable example of this is the refusal of the television stations to broadcast the ads Adbusters. Groups try to place the ads and are rejected by the networks [51].

It is mainly dependent on the audience, who decide on the agenda in the private radio and television business. "Your business is to absorb as much attention as possible. The rate of looking at measures of attention from the offices of the media communication of the information provided. The service of this attraction is sold to the advertising business "[35] and the ratings to determine the price may be required to advertise.

"Advertising companies determine the content of the sample has been part of everyday life in the U.S. since 1933. Procter & Gamble (P & G) .... provides a radio station a history-making trade (now known as "barter"): the company could produce a show own "free" and save the radio station of the high cost of content production. Therefore, the company wants its expansion announcements and, of course, their products placed on the show. Thus, the series "Ma Perkins was created, in which P & G cleverly used to promote Oxydol, mark detergents of leadership in the years and the soap opera was born ... "[52]

While critics basically concerned with the subtle influence of the economy in the media, there are also examples of rome the exercise of influence. The company's U.S. Chrysler, before it merged with Daimler Benz had his agency, Pentacom, send a letter to numerous magazines, demanding to send a summary of all the issues before the next edition is published in "avoid potential conflicts. "Chrysler, in particular, wanted to know if there would be articles with" sexual, political or social content or could be seen as provocative or offensive. " Pentacom executive David Martin said: "Our argument is that anyone looking at a 22,000 $ product you want that surrounded positive things. There is nothing positive about an article on child pornography. "[52] In another example, the" U.S. Network held high-level, outside meetings of registration with advertisers in 2000 to tell the network what kind of programming content they wanted to end U.S. to get publicity. "[53] TV programs are created to meet the needs of advertising, for example, divide them into appropriate sections. The drama is typically designed to end on hold or leave a question unanswered, to keep the viewer attached.

The movie system, at a time outside the direct influence of wider system of marketing, is now fully integrated in it through strategies licensing tie-ins and product placement. The first function of many Hollywood films today is to assist in the sale of the immense collection of commodities. [54] The press called the film 2002 Bond "Die Another Day ', with 24 major promotional partners an ad-venture" and noted that James Bond "has now been" licensed to sell, "" As has been standard practice turned to place products in movies, "has obvious implications for what kind of films attract to product placement and what kind of films will therefore be more likely to be "[55].

The publicity and information are increasingly difficult to distinguish from each other. "The borders between advertising and the media .... More and more blurry .... What August Fischer, President Board of Axel Springer-Verlag considered an "association found between the media and advertising business' critics as nothing but the infiltration of journalistic duties and freedoms. "According to RTL-executive Helmut Thoma" private broadcasters should not and can not serve to any mission, but only the company's goal, which is the "acceptance by the advertising business and the spectator." Prioritization in that order, in reality says everything about the "design of programs for television." [52] Patrick Le Lay, former managing director of TF1, private channel French television, with a market share of 25 to 35%, said: "There are many ways of talking about television. But from a business standpoint, let's be realistic: Basically, the work of TF1, for example, to help Coca-Cola to sell your product. (...) For an advertising message is perceived to the brain of the viewer must be at our provision. The work of our programs is to make it available, ie to entertain, to relax and have him fit between the two messages. It's disposable time brain human that we sell to Coca Cola. "[56]

Because of these dependencies in a broad public debate and fundamental about advertising and its influence on information and freedom of expression is difficult to obtain, at least by the customary means of communication, otherwise these are cutting the branch you are sitting. "The idea that the commercial basis of the media, journalism and communication could have worrying consequences for democracy is excluded from the range of legitimate debate "and" capitalism is out of bounds as a topic of legitimate debate in U.S. culture policy "[57].

One of the first Structural Funds basis of Journalism U.S. was Upton Sinclair in his novel The Time of brass in which highlights the influence of owners, advertisers, public relations, and economic interests on the media. In his book "Our Master's Voice - Advertisement" social ecologist James Rorty (1890-1973) wrote: "The mouth of the gargoyle is a loudspeaker, driven by the interests of two billion dollars, and the reverse of that vested interests business as a whole, industry, finance. It is never silent, it drowns all other voices, and does not suffer reproach, because it is the voice of America? That is his claim and, to some extent is a just demand ..."[ 58]

He taught us how to live, what to fear, which to be proud of, how to be beautiful, how to be loved, how to be envied, how to be .. success is not surprising that the American population tends increasingly to speak, think, feel, in terms of this jabberwocky? That the stimuli of art, science, religion, are progressively expelled to the periphery of American life to become marginal values, cultivated by marginal people in marginal weather? "[59]

[edit] The commercialization of culture and sport

Performances, exhibitions, shows, concerts, conventions and most other events can hardly take place without sponsors. The art of growing scarcity and culture who buy the service of the attraction. Artists are classified and paid according to the value of his art for commercial purposes. Companies promote the featured artists, therefore get the exclusive rights to advertising campaigns globally. Broadway shows such as "recommended accessories La Bohème 'commercial as a whole [60].

Advertising itself is widely regarded as a contribution to culture. The advertising is part of fashion. In many pieces of clothing logo The company is the only design, or is an important part of it. There is only little space left out of the consumer economy in which culture and art can be developed independently and where alternative values may be expressed. An important area past, universities, strong pressure by the opening businesses and their interests [61].

Billboard inflatable front of a sports stadium

Competitive sports have become unthinkable without the sponsorship and there is a mutual dependency. High-income, advertising is only possible with a comparable number of viewers or readers. On the other hand, the low performance of a computer or performance of athletes in revenue less advertising. Jürgen Huth, Hans-Jörg talk Stiehler of a 'sports / media complex, which is a complicated mix of media, agencies, managers, promoters, sports, etc. advertising partially common and partially divergent interests, but in any event, common interests business. The media supposedly in the center stage, as they can provide the other parties involved with a scarce, ie, (potential) public attention. In sports, "the media are able to generate huge sales in the movement of and publicity. [62]

"The sports sponsorship is recognized by industry snuff as valuable publicity. A newspaper industry Snuff in 1994 described Formula One car as "The advertising space more powerful in the world." .... In a cohort study conducted in 22 secondary schools in England in 1994 and 1995 children whose sport favorite television was the motor had a risk by 12.8% to become regular smokers compared with 7.0% of the children who did not follow motor racing. "[63]

No ticket sales, but the transfer of rights, sponsorship and merchandising, among therefore constitute the majority of sports associations and income of a sports club with the IOC (International Olympic Committee), taking the lead. The influence of media brought many changes in sports including the admission of new sports "trend" in the Olympics, the alteration of the distances of competition, changes in norms, animation viewers, changes in the sports facilities, the worship of sports heroes that quickly down in the advertising and entertainment business by value of their media [64] and last but not least, the naming and renaming stadiums sport after big business. "In sports setting on the logic of the media can contribute to the erosion of values as equality of opportunity or equity, to the excessive demands athletes through public pressure and the holding strip or deception (the doping, manipulation of results ...). It is in the interest of the media and sport to combat this danger, because the media sports can only work as long as the sport exists [64].

[edit] The occupation and the commercialization of public space

Each visually rather noticeable, has a potential for advertising. Especially in urban areas with its structures, but also landscapes seen through rates are increasingly becoming media for advertising. Signs, posters, billboards, banners have become key factors in the face urban and the number is increasing. "Outdoor advertising has become unavoidable. Traditional billboards and transit shelters have opened the way for most popular method, as the vehicles involved, the sides of buildings, electronic signs, kiosks, taxis, billboards, sides of buses, and more. Digital technologies are used in buildings for sport ", which shows the wall city. In urban areas commercial content is placed before our eyes and in our consciousness every moment we are in the public space. The German daily "Zeit" called it a new kind of "dictatorship can not escape. "[21] Over time, this domination of the hinterland has become the" natural. "Through the sales saturation long term, was implicitly understood by the public that advertising has the right to own, occupy and control every inch of available space. Standardization constant publicity invasive dulls the public's perception of their surroundings, re-enforcing a general attitude of powerlessness toward creativity and change, so a cycle develops enabling advertisers to slowly and steadily increasing saturation of advertising with the public outcry little or nothing. "[65]

The orientation optical mass to changes in advertising of the role of public spaces that are used by the marks. City landmarks become brands. The increased pressure is has on the reputation and public places much frequented, which are also important for the identity of a city (eg, Piccadilly Circus, Times Square, Alexanderplatz). Urban spaces are public goods and in this capacity that are the subject of "environmental aesthetics, mainly through regulations construction, protection of heritage and landscape protection. "It is in this capacity that these spaces are being privatized. They are dotted with signs and signals, It was remodeled in the media for publicity. "[34] [35]

[edit] Socio-cultural: sexism, discrimination and stereotypes

"Advertising has an" agenda setting function, which is the capacity, with large sums of money, to put the consumer as the sole item on the agenda. In the battle for a share of public awareness, this amounts to no treatment (ignorance) of what is not commercial and all that not advertised for. The advertising should reflect the norms of society and give clear idea of the target market. Areas without commerce and advertising the service of the Muses and relaxation still not respected. [neutrality disputed] With the increased publicity of the force becomes comfortable in the private sphere so that the voice of trade becomes the dominant form of expression in society. "[66] Critics Advertise see advertising as the principal in our culture. Sut Jhally and James Twitchell go beyond of publicity as a religion and that advertising, even replacing religion as a key institution [67].

"The publicity of the firms (or commercial media) is the largest project individual psychological ever undertaken by mankind. Yet for all that, their impact on us remains unknown and largely ignored. When I think of the influence of media on years, for decades, I think in the experiments of brainwashing done by Dr. Ewen Cameron, a Montreal hospital psychiatry in the 1950s (see MKULTRA). The idea of CIA-sponsored "depatterning" experiments was to equip conscious, unconscious or semiconscious patients with headphones, and flooding their brains with thousands of driving repetitive "" messages that alter their behavior over time .... The advertising aims to do the same. "[25]

Advertising is particularly aimed at young people and children and is reduced more and more young consumers. [49] For Sut Jhally is not "surprising that something so central and so spent on it should become a presence in social life. Indeed, commercial interests intended to maximize the use of the immense collection of commodities have colonized more and more of the spaces of our culture. For example, almost the whole system of media (television and print) has been developed as a delivery system vendors, whose main function is the production of audiences for sale to advertisers. Both the advertising that takes, as well as drafting issue which acts as a support for it, celebrate the consumer society. The movie system, at a time outside the direct influence of the larger system of marketing, are now fully integrated into it through strategies licensing tie-ins and product placement. The main function of many films Hollywood today is helpful in selling the vast collection of products. As drain public funds from the non-cultural non-commercial galleries art museums and symphonies in the supply of corporate sponsorship. "[54] In the same way out is the system of education and advertising is increasingly penetrating schools and universities. Cities like New York, accepting sponsors for public playgrounds. "Even the Pope has been sold ... 4 The Pope visited Mexico in ... 1999 was sponsored by Frito-Lay and PepsiCo. [68] The industry is accused of being one of the engines powering a convoluted economic system of mass production, which promotes consumption. With regard to the social concerns that no matter whether the fuel consumer advertising, but that the values, behavior patterns and assignments than means that it spreads. Advertising is accused of hijacking the language and the media, pop culture movements of protest and even subversive critique and not shy away from scandal and breaking the taboo (eg Benetton). This, in turn, leads to combat action, Kalle Lasn in 2001 llamada''la interference Jam of the Jammers.'' Anything goes. "It's a social center, scientific matter what people can do to make the proper design conditions, high practical importance. For example, a large number of experimental psychology experiments can be assumed, that people can do to do what they can for, when according to social status can be created. "[69]

Advertising often uses gender stereotype of the specific functions of men and women are reinforced stereotypes exist and has been criticized as "inadvertently or intentionally promote sexism, racism and discrimination by age ... At least, advertising often reinforces stereotypes on the basis of recognizing the "types" in order to tell stories in a single image or 30 frames a second time. "[38] The activities are presented as typical male or female (stereotypes). In addition people are reduced to their sexuality or equated with commodities and gender-specific qualities are exaggerated. The female body sexual nature, but increasingly men, serving as the eyes receivers. In the advertising is usually a woman who is represented as

• Officials of men and children who react to demands and grievances of their loved ones with a bad conscience and the promise of immediate improvements (cleaning, maintenance)
• a toy of sexual play or emotional self-affirmation of men
• a being technically totally clueless (almost always men) who can only manage a child-resistant operation
• expert on women, but stereotype fields of fashion, cosmetics, foods or most of medicine,
• as ultra-thin, thin, very thin.
• doing ground work for others, for example, serve coffee while a reporter interview a politician [70]

Much of advertising deals with the promotion of products belonging to the "ideal image of the body." This is mainly directed towards women, and in the past, this type of advertising was intended almost exclusively to women. Women in ads are generally portrayed as beautiful women who are in good health. This, however, is not the case for the average woman. Therefore, give a negative message of body image of the average woman. Because of the media, girls and women who are overweight, and otherwise "normal" I feel almost obligated to look after themselves and keep fit. They are high pressure to maintain an appropriate body size and look after your health. The consequences of this are low self-esteem, eating disorders, mutilation itself, and operations of beauty for women who simply do not dare to eat healthy or motivation for the gym. The European Parliament adopted a resolution in 2008 that the advertising should not be discriminatory and degrading. This shows that politicians are increasingly concerned about the negative impacts of advertising. However, the benefits of promoting health and fitness, are often overlooked. Men are also negatively portrayed as incompetent and the butt of every joke in advertising.

[edit] Children and adolescents as target groups

'Market children, where resistance to advertising is weaker, is the "pioneer for flow of ads." [71] "Children are among the observers more sophisticated ads. You can sing the jingles and identifying logos, and often have strong feelings about the products. What is not generally understood, however, are the underlying issues of how advertising works. The media are not only used to sell products, but also ideas: how should behave, what rules are important, we must respect and what we value. "[72] The youth is increasingly reduced to the role of a consumer. Not only manufacturers of toys, candy, ice cream, breakfast food and sporting goods preferred target promotion to children and adolescents. For example, an advertisement for breakfast cereal in a canal aimed at adults will have the music that is a ballad soft, while in a canal aimed at children, the same ad using a catchy jingle rock in the same way

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